Drugs Index
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Drugs Information:
Drugs List
Department of health is the federal regulator of therapeutic products, but it is not a manufacturer and it does not take or fill orders for these products. If a patient needs information on where these products are sold, he needs to contact the individual company directly.
To receive some information on treatment options, choices of medications and their uses, illnesses, side effects or drug interactions – a patient is to contact his physician or other professional (for example, doctor, pharmacist, etc.) as they are not provided with medical pieces of advice and recommendations on the use of the products identified in this Prescription Drug Database.
It is known that usually information available in the Prescription Drug Database includes the following parameters: brand name; description field; drug identification number (DIN); company; drug statuses; status date; class; active ingredient(s); strength; route(s) of administration; pharmaceutical form(s); product monograph (PM); schedule; therapeutic classification (AHFS and ATC); active ingredient group (AIG) number; veterinary species.
As a rule, effective immediately prescribing information (PI) is posted to the official website of Department of health. Mostly, these actions align with the Department’s commitment to enhance transparency and openness in the drug approval process by making available authorized, high quality and up-to-date drug information to the population of the country.
Every person should remember Prescription Drug Database is essential to drive a patient safety in the medical sphere and healthcare by providing such drug databases within information systems. Usually the authors of these databases create a partnership with the system developer customers to integrate the drug databases to improve user workflow, enhance clinical decision making at the point-of-need, and give a helping hand to reduce the incidence of medication errors and adverse drug events.
Thus, the purpose of such Prescription Drug Database is letting consumers know about the recent and/or popular prescription drugs. Moreover, the information presented in this data base originates from official government sources, such as the FDA, CDC, or NIH; but this information is for educational purposes only and cannot substitute a conversation with your doctor or pharmacist.
- Drugs & Medications
Hormone replacement therapy involves supplementing female hormones for the relief of symptoms resulting from an end in ovarian function, either following surgical removal of the ovaries or after natural menopause.
Estrogens can be prescribed alone or in combination with progestins. A combination of estrogen and progestin is preferred if the woman has her uterus as estrogen alone can over stimulate the endometrium causing uterine bleeding. Hormone replacement therapy is effective in controlling symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, psychological well-being and in preventing osteoporosis.
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Herbal products are medicines derived from plants. They are used as supplements to improve health and well being, and may be used for other therapeutic purposes. Herbal products are available as tablets, capsules, powders, extracts, teas and so on.
Herbal medicines are thought to be safe as it is natural, but in fact it can cause serious adverse effects and interaction with other drugs and supplements.
See also
Medical conditions associated with herbal products:
- Acne
- ADHD
- Allergies
- Anemia
- Anorexia
- Anxiety
- Anxiety and Stress
- Aphthous Ulcer
- Asthma
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Bacterial Infection
- Bacterial Skin Infection
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Bronchitis
- Burns, External
- Cancer
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Cold Sores
- Cold Symptoms
- Condylomata Acuminata
- Constipation
- Constipation, Chronic
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Cough
- Depression
- Dermatitis
- Diabetes, Type 1
- Diabetes, Type 2
- Diabetic Nerve Damage
- Diarrhea
- Diarrhea, Acute
- Diarrhea, Chronic
- Dry Skin
- Eczema
- Enuresis
- Epicondylitis, Tennis Elbow
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Chemokine receptor antagonists inhibit the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the host cell. Two chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5, are necessary for the virus to enter the cell, so by inhibiting these chemokine receptors the disease can be slowed.
See also
Medical conditions associated with chemokine receptor antagonist:
- HIV Infection
Central nervous system agents are drugs that affect the central nervous system i.e. the brain and the spinal cord, and produce a response that could be used to alleviate or treat a particular medical condition.
Central nervous system agents can be used as analgesics, anesthetics, anti-emetics, anti-convulsants, and have many more therapeutic uses.
See also
- analgesics
- analgesic combinations
- antimigraine agents
- cox-2 inhibitors
- miscellaneous analgesics
- narcotic analgesic combinations
- narcotic analgesics
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
- salicylates
- anorexiants
- anticonvulsants
- barbiturate anticonvulsants
- benzodiazepine anticonvulsants
- carbamate anticonvulsants
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitor anticonvulsants
- dibenzazepine anticonvulsants
- fatty acid derivative anticonvulsants
- gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs
- gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake inhibitors
- gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase inhibitors
- hydantoin anticonvulsants
- miscellaneous anticonvulsants
- neuronal potassium channel openers
- oxazolidinedione anticonvulsants
- pyrrolidine anticonvulsants
- succinimide anticonvulsants
- triazine anticonvulsants
- urea anticonvulsants
- antiemetic/antivertigo agents
- 5HT3 receptor antagonists
- anticholinergic antiemetics
- miscellaneous antiemetics
- ph
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Chloride channel activator agent is a locally acting agent that activates chloride channels in the intestine and increases secretion of intestinal fluid that helps in passing of the stool. It is used to treat chronic constipation especially in patients who have little or no benefit from stool softeners or laxatives.
See also
Medical conditions associated with chloride channel activators:
- Constipation, Chronic
- Constipation, Drug Induced
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Monoclonal antibodies used in immunotherapy are produced artificially from a cell clone therefore consist of a single type of immunoglobulin. They are targeted towards specific antigens and bind to the antigens to form a complex. The complex can be recognized and destroyed by phagocytes or used for other diagnostic purposes.
Natural antibodies are proteins made by the B-lymphocytes in response to antigens. Each B-cell makes only one type of antibody. For therapeutic purposes a significant amount of a particular antibody is needed. These are obtained from a culture that gives a one type of antibody, which are called monoclonal antibodies.
CD20 monoclonal antibodies are targeted against B-cell antigens, and are used in the treatment of B-cell Non-Hodgkin
See also
Medical conditions associated with CD20 monoclonal antibodies:
- Bullous Pemphigoid
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Diagnosis and Investigation
- Evan's Syndrome
- Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Follicular Lymphoma
- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
- Microscopic polyangiitis
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Pemphigoid
- Pemphigus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Wegener's Granulomatosus
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
See also
Medical conditions associated with calcineurin inhibitors:
- Cogan's Syndrome
- Crohn's Disease
- Evan's Syndrome
- Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Graft-versus-host disease
- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Organ Transplant, Rejection Prophylaxis
- Organ Transplant, Rejection Reversal
- Pemphigoid
- Pemphigus
- Psoriasis
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Ulcerative Colitis, Active
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Warfarin, the only drug listed here in this category, is a coumarin. It is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that that recycles oxidized vitamin K. Vitamin K is an activator of coagulating factors II, VII, IX and X, so by decreasing the availability of Vitamin K synthesis of these factors are decreased.
Warfarin is an extremely effective anticoagulant but there are a few drawbacks. It can interact with certain foods and can it cause serious interactions with many commonly used medicines. Regular blood monitoring (international normalized ratio-INR) is done to check for effectiveness and safety.
Warfarin is used to treat blood clots in cases of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. It is also used to prevent thrombosis in patients at high risk, such as in atrial fibrillation, heart attack and knee or hip surgeries.
See also
Medical conditions associated with coumarins and indandiones:
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Chronic Central Venous Catheterization
- Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Hip Replacement Surgery
- Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Knee Replacement Surgery
- Deep Vein Thrombosis, First Event
- Deep Vein Thrombosis, Recurrent Event
- Heart Attack
- Heart Failure
- Prevention of Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation
- Prosthetic Heart Valves
- Prosthetic Heart Valves, Mechanical Valves
- Prosthetic Heart Valves, Tissue Valves
- Protein S Deficiency
- Pulmonary Embolism, First Event
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Monoclonal antibodies used in immunotherapy are produced artificially from a cell clone therefore consist of a single type of immunoglobulin. They are targeted towards specific antigens and bind to the antigens to form a complex. The complex can be recognized and destroyed by phagocytes or used for other diagnostic purposes.
Natural antibodies are proteins made by the B-lymphocytes in response to antigens. Each B-cell makes only one type of antibody. For therapeutic purposes a significant amount of a particular antibody is needed. These are obtained from a culture that gives a one type of antibody, which are called monoclonal antibodies.
CD52 antigens are present on lymphocytes. CD52 monoclonal antibodies bind to CD52 antigens and bring about complement and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. CD52 monoclonal antibodies are used to treat patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL).
See also
Medical conditions associated with CD52 monoclonal antibodies:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are agents that increase physical activity, mental alertness and attention span. The exact mechanism of action of these agents or receptors they may affect, is not known.
Central nervous system stimulants are used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
See also
Medical conditions associated with CNS stimulants:
- ADHD
- Apnea of Prematurity
- Asperger Syndrome
- Auditory Processing Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Depression
- Fatigue
- Fibromyalgia
- Hypersomnia
- Jet Lag
- Narcolepsy
- Obesity
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Respiratory Failure
- Severe Mood Dysregulation
- Sexual Dysfunction, SSRI Induced
- Shift Work Sleep Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder
- Weight Loss
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Contraceptives are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Hormonal contraceptives consist of one or more synthetic female sex hormones (estrogen and progestin or progestin only). These sex hormones prevent pregnancy by blocking the normal process of ovulation. They may also alter the lining of the uterus (endometrium) so that it is unable to support a fertilized egg and they change the mucus in the cervix so that it is hard for the sperm to travel hence conception is less likely should ovulation occur.
These hormones are either taken as regular doses in pill form (oral contraceptives), or are administered through the skin by means of a patch impregnated with hormones. They can also be given by three monthly injections of a long acting progestin, or by subcutaneous implants of progestin. They are also available as hormonal intrauterine devices and vaginal rings.
See also
Medical conditions associated with contraceptives:
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
- Acne
- Amenorrhea
- Birth Control
- Emergency Contraception
- Endometrial Cancer
- Endometrial Hyperplasia, Prophylaxis
- Endometriosis
- Gonadotropin Inhibition
- Menstrual Disorders
- Ovarian Cysts
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- Postmenopausal Symptoms
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Premenstrual Syndrome
- Prevention of Osteoporosis
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) inhibitors are either tyrosine kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies that slow down or stop cell growth.
Human epidermal growth factor receptors are transmembrane receptors; they have an extracellular binding component, a transmembrane component and an intracellular tyrosine kinase component. Some breast cancers have an over-expression of HER2 resulting in increased cell growth and spread of cancer cells.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors bind to the tyrosine kinase domain in the HER2 and stops activation of the signaling pathway. Monoclonal antibodies bind to the extracellular component of the HER2, prevent the actual substrates from binding to the receptors and stop the receptor activation.
HER2 inhibitors are used in the treatment of breast cancer.
See also
Medical conditions associated with HER2 inhibitors:
- Breast Cancer
- Breast Cancer, Adjuvant
- Breast Cancer, Metastatic
- Esophageal Carcinoma
- Gastric Cancer
- Salivary Gland Cancer
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Catecholamines include adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. They are physiologically important neurotransmitters, as part of the sympathetic and central nervous systems. Catecholamines act on both the alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Catecholamines are released in times of stress. They make your heart beat faster with greater force and narrow the blood vessels, causing a rise in blood pressure.
The beta1 effects of catecholamine on the heart are due to an increase in intracellular concentration of cyclic-AMP. Cyclic-AMP activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates sites on calcium channels, including alpha1-subunits.
This increases the probability that the channels will open, increasing inward calcium ion current and therefore the force of cardiac contraction. It also increases the calcium ion capture by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, increasing the amount of calcium stored intracellularly available for release by action potential. So the net result of catecholamine action is to elevate and steepen the ventricular function curve. The increase in heart rate results in an increased slope of pacemaker potential owing to a shift in the voltage-dependence of the conductance
See also
Medical conditions associated with catecholamines:
- Adams-Stokes Syndrome
- Allergic Reactions
- Asthma, acute
- Asystole
- AV Heart Block
- Bronchospasm During Anesthesia
- Cardiac Arrhythmia
- COPD, Acute
- Electromechanical Dissociation
- Heart Failure
- Hypotension
- Nonobstructive Oliguria
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Carbamate anticonvulsant agents are newer antiepileptic drugs whose exact mechanism of action is uncertain. It has some inhibitory effect at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and slightly potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity. It has a broad spectrum of activity but is only used in patients who are unresponsive to other anticonvulsant drugs, as it can cause severe reactions such as aplastic anemia, hepatitis and liver failure.
See also
Medical conditions associated with carbamate anticonvulsants:
- Epilepsy
- Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) is a hormone produced by C cells in the thyroid gland. The main action of calcitonin is on the bone. It increases deposition of calcium and phosphate in the bone and lowers levels in the blood, so effectively it inhibits calcium resorption by binding to a specific receptor on the osteoclasts, and inhibits their action. In the kidneys, it decreases the re-absorption of both calcium and phosphate on the proximal tubules. Its overall effect is to decrease the plasma calcium concentration. Secretion is determined mainly by the plasma calcium concentration. Calcitonin is used to treat hypercalcemia and Paget
See also
Medical conditions associated with calcitonin:
- Hypercalcemia
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- Osteoporosis
- Paget's Disease
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer binds to the CXCR4 chemokine receptor and inhibits the binding of its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha (SDF-1-alpha). This leads to mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells to the peripheral blood.
The hematopoietic stem cells (CD34+ cells) are collected from the peripheral blood and used for autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkins
See also
Medical conditions associated with hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer:
- Multiple Myeloma
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a group of agents that inhibit the histone deactylase enzymes. During gene expression DNA coils and uncoils around histones. Histone acetylases, acetylate the lysine residues in core histones and histone deactylases remove the acetyl groups from the lysine residues. These actions are important in the regulation of gene expression.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent the deactylation, affect gene expression and causes apoptosis of tumor cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
See also
Medical conditions associated with histone deacetylase inhibitors:
- Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma
- Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Cholinergic agonists mimic the actions of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic transmission involves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine being released from nerve fibers, binding to designated receptors on other cholinergic nerve fibers and passing on the message to bring about a response. Stimulation of the cholinergic system (also known as the parasympathetic nervous system) causes vasodilatation, constriction of pupils in the eyes, secretion of sweat, saliva and tears, slow heart rate, mucus secretion in the respiratory tract and constriction of bronchioles.
The medicines listed in this category are used to increase salivation in patients who suffer from conditions of dry mouth.
See also
Medical conditions associated with cholinergic agonists:
- Sjogren's Syndrome
- Xerostomia
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor anticonvulsants inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Generally carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used to treat epilepsy, glaucoma, mountain sickness, and is used as a diuretic.
See also
Medical conditions associated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor anticonvulsants:
- Benign Essential Tremor
- Bipolar Disorder
- Bulimia
- Crohn's Disease
- Diabetic Nerve Damage
- Edema
- Epilepsy
- Fibromyalgia
- Glaucoma
- Hydrocephalus
- Migraine Prevention
- Mountain Sickness / Altitude Sickness
- Obesity
- Parkinsonian Tremor
- Pseudotumor Cerebri
- Seizure Prevention
- Seizures
- Smoking Cessation
- Tourette's Syndrome
- Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Vulvodynia
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Calcium channel blockers block voltage gated calcium channels and inhibits the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle cells. The decrease in intracellular calcium reduces the strength of heart muscle contraction, reduces conduction of impulses in the heart, and causes vasodilatation.
Decrease in intracellular calcium in the heart decreases cardiac contractility. Decreased calcium in the vascular smooth muscle reduces its contraction and therefore causes vasodilatation.
Decrease in cardiac contractility decreases cardiac output and vasodilatation decreases total peripheral resistance, both of which cause a drop in blood pressure.
Calcium channel blocking agents are used to treat hypertension.
See also
Medical conditions associated with calcium channel blocking agents:
- Angina
- Angina Pectoris Prophylaxis
- Arrhythmia
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Atrial Flutter
- Bipolar Disorder
- Cluster Headaches
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Heart Failure
- High Blood Pressure
- Hypertensive Emergency
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis
- Ischemic Stroke
- Migraine Prevention
- Nocturnal Leg Cramps
- Premature Labor
- Raynaud's Syndrome
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- Supraventricular Tachycardia
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. They have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, being active against many aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
Carbapenems inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding proteins and interfering with cell wall formation. They are extremely resistant to beta-lactamase enzymes, making them very useful in treating bacterial infections where beta-lactamase is produced that makes other beta-lactam antibiotics ineffective.
See also
Medical conditions associated with carbapenems:
- Aspiration Pneumonia
- Bacteremia
- Bacterial Infection
- Bone infection
- Bronchitis
- Deep Neck Infection
- Endocarditis
- Endometritis
- Febrile Neutropenia
- Infection Prophylaxis
- Intraabdominal Infection
- Joint Infection
- Kidney Infections
- Meningitis
- Nosocomial Pneumonia
- Pelvic Infections
- Peritonitis
- Pneumonia
- Pneumonia with Cystic Fibrosis
- Septicemia
- Skin and Structure Infection
- Skin Infection
- Urinary Tract Infection
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
See also
Medical conditions associated with cardiac stressing agents:
- Diagnosis and Investigation
- Heart Failure
- Prosthetic Heart Valves
- Radionuclide Myocardial Perfusion Study
- Shock
- Supraventricular Tachycardia
- Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Coagulation modifiers are drugs that act on the blood coagulation pathway in different places to prevent or promote blood clot formation.
Coagulation modifiers that prevent blood clot formation are anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytic drugs. Those that promote clot formation are fibrinolytics. Heparin antagonists and platelet-stimulating agents are used to reduce the risk of bleeding.
See also
- anticoagulants
- coumarins and indandiones
- factor Xa inhibitors
- heparins
- thrombin inhibitors
- antiplatelet agents
- glycoprotein platelet inhibitors
- platelet aggregation inhibitors
- heparin antagonists
- miscellaneous coagulation modifiers
- platelet-stimulating agents
- thrombolytics
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Cerumenolytics are agents that soften hardened cerumen (earwax) and make it easier for it to be removed from the ear. They are softening agents, which include types of oil, emulsifying agents, glycerin and other lubricating substances. Cerumenolytics are placed into the ears to soften earwax and ease discomfort.
See also
Medical conditions associated with cerumenolytics:
- Ear Wax Impaction
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Monoclonal antibodies used in immunotherapy are produced artificially from a cell clone therefore consist of a single type of immunoglobulin. They are targeted towards specific antigens and bind to the antigens to form a complex. These complexes can be recognized and destroyed by phagocytes or used for other diagnostic purposes.
Natural antibodies are proteins made by the B-lymphocytes in response to antigens. Each B-cell makes only one type of antibody. For therapeutic purposes a significant amount of a particular antibody is needed. These are obtained from a culture that gives a one type of antibody, which are called monoclonal antibodies.
CD33 is an antigen present on granulocyte and macrophage precursors in the bone marrow. It differentiates myelogenous leukemia cells from lymphoid or erythroid leukemias.
CD33 monoclonal antibodies are administered with other chemotherapy agents, such as cytosine arabinoside and idarubicin, to enhance the cytotoxic effects on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells.
See also
Medical conditions associated with CD33 monoclonal antibodies:
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause increased excretion of bicarbonate with accompanying sodium, potassium and water, resulting in an increased flow of alkaline urine. They inhibit transport of bicarbonate into the interstitium from the proximal convoluted tubule. Therefore less sodium is reabsorbed, causing greater sodium, bicarbonate and water loss in the urine.
These agents are used more to treat glaucoma, as they tend to reduce the formation of aqueous humor.
See also
Medical conditions associated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:
- Edema
- Epilepsy
- Glaucoma
- Glaucoma/Intraocular Hypertension
- Hydrocephalus
- Mountain Sickness / Altitude Sickness
- Pseudotumor Cerebri
- Seizure Prevention
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Agents used in treatment of Helicobacter Pylori are medicines used for stomach acid inhibition, combined with antibacterial agents. Treatment is for one week with a proton pump inhibitor or an antacid (or antisecretory agents), and two appropriate antibacterial agents. This one week triple therapy does give a good eradication rate.
See also
Medical conditions associated with H. pylori eradication agents:
- Helicobacter Pylori Infection
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Cholinergic muscle stimulants are agents that increase the presence of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter, in the neuromuscular junction
Generally, cholinergic muscle stimulants are cholinesterase inhibitors. They block the cholinesterase enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down the acetylcholine in the synapses. This inhibition provides more acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction for a longer period of time.
Cholinergic muscle stimulants are used to diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis, a chronic disorder that causes muscle weakness. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease where autoantibodies bind to cholinergic receptors in neuromuscular junction and prevents the acetylcholine from triggering muscle contractions.
See also
Medical conditions associated with cholinergic muscle stimulants:
- Dysautonomia
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Nerve Agent Pretreatment
- Reversal of Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Cholinergic transmission involves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine being released from nerve fibers, binding to designated receptors on other cholinergic nerve fibers and passing on the message to bring about a response. Cholinesterase enzymes are present in the synaptic cleft of cholinergic synapses, and they hydrolyze acetylcholine, decreasing its concentration in the synapses.
Cholinesterase inhibitors bind to cholinesterase resulting in increased acetylcholine in the synapses, causing increased parasympathetic activity i.e. vasodilatation, constriction of pupils in the eyes, increased secretion of sweat, saliva and tears, slow heart rate, mucus secretion in the respiratory tract and constriction of bronchioles and so on.
The cholinesterase inhibitors listed here are mainly ones that affect the central nervous system. They penetrate the blood brain barrier and enhance cholinergic transmission in the brain. These agents are used to treat dementia in patients with Alzeihmer
See also
Medical conditions associated with cholinesterase inhibitors:
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
See also
Medical conditions associated with CD30 monoclonal antibodies:
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Lymphoma
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors block cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) an enzyme that promotes inflammation.
COX-2 enzyme converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin, causing pain and inflammation. They are mainly present in places of inflammation and are responsible for formation of prostanoids (prostacyclins, prostaglandins and thromboxanes) as part of the inflammatory response.
COX-2 inhibitors are used to relieve pain due to inflammation.
See also
Medical conditions associated with cox-2 inhibitors:
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
- Fibromatosis
- Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Migraine
- Osteoarthritis
- Pain
- Period Pain
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
See also
Medical conditions associated with heparin antagonists:
- Heparin Overdose
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
See also
Medical conditions associated with hormones/antineoplastics:
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
- AIDS Related Wasting
- Amenorrhea
- Anorexia
- Birth Control
- Bleeding Disorder
- Breast Cancer
- Breast Cancer, Adjuvant
- Breast Cancer, Male
- Breast Cancer, Metastatic
- Breast Cancer, Palliative
- Breast Cancer, Prevention
- Cachexia
- Delayed Puberty, Male
- Endometrial Cancer
- Endometrial Hyperplasia
- Endometrial Hyperplasia, Prophylaxis
- Endometriosis
- Female Infertility
- Hirsutism
- Hot Flashes
- Hypogonadism, Male
- McCune-Albright Syndrome
- Osteoporosis
- Postmenopausal Symptoms
- Precocious Puberty
- Prevention of Osteoporosis
- Prostate Cancer
- Pubertal Gynecomastia
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Uterine Fibroids
- Weight Loss
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Corticotropin is a polypeptide hormone, also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland. Large amounts of corticotropin are released in response to any form of stress. Corticotropin stimulates secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (mainly glucocorticoids) from the adrenal gland. It is used to test adrenal function.
See also
Medical conditions associated with corticotropin:
- Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Allergies
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Eye Conditions
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Psoriasis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Ulcerative Colitis
Cephalosporins are a group of broad spectrum, semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the mould Cephalosporium. They are divided into three groups: Cephalosporin N and C are chemically related to penicillins and Cephalosporin P a steroid antibiotic resembles fusidic acid.
The mechanism of action of cephalosporins is the same as penicillins. They interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporins have been produced by the addition of different side chains, to the Cephalosporin C nucleus.
They are classified according to the chronological order in which they were produced.
See also
- first generation cephalosporins
- fourth generation cephalosporins
- next generation cephalosporins
- second generation cephalosporins
- third generation cephalosporins
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Colony stimulating factors are glycoproteins that promote production of white blood cells (mainly granulocytes such as neutrophils), in response to infection. Administration of exogenous colony stimulating factors stimulates the stem cells in the bone marrow to produce more of the particular white blood cells. The new white blood cells migrate into the blood and fight the infection.
Colony stimulating factors are used in patients who are undergoing cancer treatment that causes low white blood cell counts (neutropenia) and puts the patient at risk of infection. Colony stimulating factors tend to reduce the time where patients are neutropenic.
See also
Medical conditions associated with colony stimulating factors:
- Aplastic Anemia
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Bone Marrow Transplantation, Failure or Engraftment Delay
- Bone Marrow Transplantation, Myeloid Reconstruction
- Myelodysplastic Syndrome
- Neutropenia
- Neutropenia Associated with AIDS or Zidovudine
- Neutropenia Associated with Chemotherapy
- Peripheral Progenitor Cell Transplantation
- Sepsis
Cardiovascular agents are drugs, which are used in any way to treat conditions of the heart or the circulatory or vascular system. Many classes of cardiovascular agents are available to treat the various cardiovascular conditions.
See also
- agents for hypertensive emergencies
- agents for pulmonary hypertension
- aldosterone receptor antagonists
- angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
- angiotensin II inhibitors
- antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting
- antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting
- alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists
- antianginal agents
- nitrates
- antiarrhythmic agents
- group I antiarrhythmics
- group II antiarrhythmics
- group III antiarrhythmics
- group IV antiarrhythmics
- group V antiarrhythmics
- anticholinergic chronotropic agents
- antihypertensive combinations
- beta-adrenergic blocking agents
- cardioselective beta blockers
- non-cardioselective beta blockers
- calcium channel blocking agents
- catecholamines
- diuretics
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- loop diuretics
- miscellaneous diuretics
- potassium-sparing diuretics
- thiazide diuretics
- inotropic agents
- miscellaneous cardiovascular agents
- peripheral vasodilators
- prostaglandin D2 antagonists
- renin inhibitors
- sclerosing agents
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
H2 antagonists competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptors and leads to a reduction in secretion of gastric acid.
Histamine stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by action on H2 receptors, which are found in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa.
H2 antagonists are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastrointestinal ulcers and other gastrointestinal hypersecretory conditions.
See also
Medical conditions associated with H2 antagonists:
- Allergic Urticaria
- Duodenal Ulcer
- Duodenal Ulcer Prophylaxis
- Erosive Esophagitis
- Gastric Ulcer Maintenance Treatment
- Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- GERD
- Human Papilloma Virus
- Indigestion
- Lung Cancer
- Obesity
- Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions
- Peptic Ulcer
- Stomach Ulcer
- Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis
- Surgical Prophylaxis
- Upper GI Hemorrhage
- Urticaria
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.
Beta adrenergic blocking agents prevent stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptors at the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system and therefore decrease the activity of the heart. They block sympathetic stimulation of the heart and reduce systolic pressure, heart rate, cardiac contractility and output, so decrease myocardial oxygen demand and increase exercise tolerance.
Beta adrenergic blocking agents are used to treat angina, control abnormal heart rhythms and to reduce high blood pressure. However, blocking of the beta receptors may cause bronchial constriction therefore care has to be taken with the use of beta blockers in patients with respiratory conditions.
Cardioselective beta blockers (beta1- selective blockers) have a clinical advantage in that they mainly affect the heart, which predominantly has beta1 receptors. The effect of broncho-constriction is less with beta1 selective blockers, as the bronchial muscle has more beta2 receptors, however the danger of broncho-constriction cannot be totally ignored, as they are not totally selective.
See also
Medical conditions associated with cardioselective beta blockers:
- Alcohol Withdrawal
- Angina
- Angina Pectoris Prophylaxis
- Anxiety
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Atrial Flutter
- Benign Essential Tremor
- Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Prophylaxis
- Heart Attack
- Heart Failure
- High Blood Pressure
- Intra- or Post-op SVT or Hypertension
- Left Ventricular Dysfunction
- Migraine Prevention
Hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of the body (by an endocrine gland) and is carried in the blood to other distant organs or tissues where it acts to modify their structure or function. Some cells release hormones that induce a response in the neighboring cells (paracrine function), or sometimes the hormones can act on the cells they are released from (autocrine function).
For a cell to respond to a particular hormone it needs to have specific receptors for that hormone, and once the hormone binds to the receptor specific chemical pathways are activated that lead to a response.
Examples of hormones are corticosteroids (from the adrenal cortex), growth hormone (from the pituitary gland) and androgens (from the testes).
See also
- adrenal cortical steroids
- corticotropin
- glucocorticoids
- mineralocorticoids
- adrenal corticosteroid inhibitors
- amylin analogs
- antiandrogens
- antidiuretic hormones
- antigonadotropic agents
- antithyroid agents
- aromatase inhibitors
- bisphosphonates
- calcitonin
- estrogen receptor antagonists
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists
- growth hormone receptor blockers
- growth hormones
- incretin mimetics
- insulin-like growth factor
- miscellaneous hormones
- parathyroid hormone and analogs
- progesterone receptor modulators
- prolactin inhibitors
- selective estrogen receptor modulators
- sex hormones
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
- an